Aphra Behn’s The Rover (1677), a bawdy tale of mixed up identities and cross-dressing, provides an example of the Restoration Comedy, a British style contemporary with French Neoclassicism. Racine’s Phèdre (1677), a retelling of the Greek tragedy of Phaedra and Hippolytus, explores the darker side of Neoclassicism.
Voltaire’s Candide, or Optimism (1759), the tale of a completely innocent young man who undergoes various trials and travails, represents a later work of French Neoclassical comedy. Moliere’s other most famous work, The Misanthrope, depicts a severe and serious man in love with a shallow and flighty gentlewoman. The character of Cléante represents the perfect Enlightenment man he is both rational and religious, combining his faith in God with his faith in logic. In Tartuffe, Moliere takes a thoroughly Enlightenment view, depicting emotion as dangerous and irrational, while presenting reason and logic as the pinnacles of human achievement. The Age of Enlightenment (in the 17th and 18th centuries) also coincided with Molière’s lifetime, creating increasing conflict between scientists and the powerful Catholic Church. Called the Sun King, Louis was believed to be nearly omniscient by his subjects, and was nearly omnipotent in the way he dominated power even over French nobles it is for this reason that the character of the King displays almost miraculous powers of perception at the end of Tartuffe. Louis built the opulent Palace of Versailles, where Tartuffe was first performed. Molière wrote during the reign of Louis XIV, whose reign from 1643-1715 brought about a period of prosperity and power that France had never before seen. Despite his renown, his status as an actor rendered him legally unfit to be buried on holy ground only an intervention from the King himself allowed the playwright’s family to give him a nighttime burial in a Church graveyard. Having contracted tuberculosis when he was young, Molière collapsed onstage at age fifty-one while performing in his own play The Imaginary Invalid-he insisted on finishing the performance, but died later that night. Although Molière came from a wealthy family, the French considered theater a shameful career, and the playwright was once imprisoned for his theater company’s debts. Despite being adored by both his patrons and the public, Molière faced opposition from the French government and the Catholic Church for his sharp, satiric works, several of which (including Tartuffe) were censored by the authorities.
An actor as well as a playwright, the artist known as Molière experienced a great deal of success within his own lifetime, but faced severe societal prejudice as well.
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